1. Calcium and Vitamin D Supplements
Essential for bone health. Ensures the body has enough minerals to maintain strong bones.
2. Bisphosphonates
Drugs like Alendronate, Risedronate, and Zoledronic acid slow bone loss and reduce fracture risk. Generally well-tolerated but monitor for rare side effects like jaw osteonecrosis.
3. Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
Used in postmenopausal women to preserve bone density. Effective but associated with risks like blood clots and breast cancer.
4. Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs)
Raloxifene mimics estrogen’s bone-protective effects without affecting breast or uterine tissue.
5. Denosumab
A monoclonal antibody that slows bone resorption. Administered via injection twice a year. Effective with minimal side effects.
6. Teriparatide and Abaloparatide
Parathyroid hormone analogs that stimulate new bone formation. Suitable for severe osteoporosis but limited to two years of use.
7. Romosozumab
A newer option that increases bone formation and decreases bone resorption. Given as monthly injections for up to 12 months.
8. Lifestyle Modifications
Weight-bearing exercises, avoiding smoking/alcohol, and maintaining a balanced diet support bone health.